the Sixteenth to the Twentieth Century (Lampeter, 2000), pp. 73–106.
35. Sperber, Rhineland Radicals, pp. 98–100.
36. These examples come from Barclay, Friedrich Wilhelm IV, p. 113.
37. Ibid., p. 118; Townsend, Forbidden Laughter, pp. 162–70.
38. Treitschke, Deutsche Geschichte, vol. 5, pp. 267–70.
39. ‘Hatt’ wohl je ein Mensch so’n Pech/Wie der Bürgermeister Tschech,/Dass er diesen dicken Mann/Auf zwei Schritt nicht treffen kann!’, cited in Brophy, Joining the Political Nation, chap. 1. On the political significance of the Tschechlieder, see also Treitschke, Deutsche Geschichte, vol. 5, pp. 268–70.
40. Anon., ‘Das Blutgericht (1844)’, song of the weavers in Peterswaldau and Langenbielau, reproduced in Lutz Kroneberg and Rolf Schloesser (eds.), Weber-Revolte 1844. Der schlesische Weberaufstand im Spiegel der zeitgenössischen Publizistik und Literatur (Cologne, 1979), pp. 469–72.
41. My account of the events is based largely on the contemporary report by Wilhelm Wolff, ‘Das Elend und der Aufruhr in Schlesien 1844’, written in June 1844 and published in December of the same year in the Deutsches Bürgerbuch für 1845. The essay is reprinted in Kroneberg and Schloesser (eds.), Weber-Revolte, pp. 241–64.
42. Cited in Sheehan, German History, p. 646.
43. Wehler, Deutsche Gesellschaftsgeschichte, vol. 2, p. 288; Sperber, Rhineland Radicals, p. 35.
44. ‘Erfahrungen eines jungen Schweizers im Vogtlande’, in Bettina von Arnim, Politische Schriften, ed. Wolfgang Bunzel (Frankfurt Main, 1995), pp. 329–68, see also pp. 1039–40.
45. Heinrich Grunholzer, Appendix to Bettina von Arnim, Dies Buch gehört dem König (1843), excerpted in Kroneberg and Schloesser (eds.), Weber-Revolte, pp. 40–53. Grunholzer’s narrative was commissioned by Arnim, who used it to flesh out the claims made in her own introductory essay, a plea to the king to step up social provision in the Kingdom of Prussia.
46. Friedrich Wilhelm Wolff, ‘Die Kasematten von Breslau’, in Franz Mehring (ed.), Gesammelte Schriften von Wilhelm Wolff (Berlin, 1909), pp. 49–56.
47. Cited in Sheehan, German History, p. 645.
48. Alexander Schneer, über die Not der Leinen-Arbeiter in Schlesien und die Mittel ihr abzuhelfen (Berlin, 1844).
49. For an argument supporting the Malthusian thesis for Bavaria, see William Robert Lee, Population Growth, Economic Development and Social Change in Bavaria 1750–1850 (New York, 1977), p. 376.
50. Manfred Gailus, ‘Food Riots in Germany in the Late 1840s’, Past & Present, 145 (1994), pp. 157–93, here p. 163.
51. E. P. Thompson, ‘The Moral Economy of the English Crowd in the Eighteenth Century’, Past & Present, 5 (1971), pp. 76–136; Hans-Gerhard Husung, Protest und Repression im Vormärz (Göttingen, 1983), pp. 244–7; Gailus, ‘Food Riots’, pp. 159–60.
52. Hermann Beck, ‘Conservatives and the Social Question in Nineteenth-century Prussia’, in Larry Eugene Jones and James Retallack (eds.), Between Reform, Reaction and Resistance: Studies in the History of German Conservatism from 1789 to 1945 (Providence, RI, 1993), pp. 61–94; id., ‘State and Society in pre-March Prussia: the Weavers’ Uprising, the Bureaucracy and the Association for the Welfare of Workers’, Central European History, 25 (1992), pp. 303–31; id., The Origins of the Authoritarian Welfare State in Prussia. Conservatives, Bureaucracy and the Social Question, 1815–70 (Ann Arbor, MI, 1995); Wolfgang Schwentker, ‘Victor Aimé Huber and the Emergence of Social Conservatism’, in Jones and Retallack (eds.), Between Reform, Reaction and Resistance, pp. 95–121.
53. Kroneberg and Schloesser (eds.), Weber-Revolte, pp. 24–5.
54. Karl Marx, ‘Kritische Randglossen zu dem Artikel “Der König von Preussen und die Sozialreform” ’, Vorwärts!, 10 August 1844, excerpted in Kroneberg and Schloesser (eds.), Weber-Revolte, pp. 227–8.
55. On the link between the State Indebtedness Law, Prussia’s financial needs and constitutional reform, see Niall Ferguson, The World’s Banker. The History of the House of Rothschild (London, 1998), p. 133.
56. Brose, Technological Change in Prussia, pp. 223–4, 235–9; Barclay, Friedrich Wilhelm IV, p. 120.
57. Geoffrey Wawro, The Austro-Prussian War. Austria’s War with Prussia and Italy in 1866 (Cambridge, 1996), p. 31.
58. [Agnes von Gerlach] (ed.), Denkwürdigkeiten aus dem Leben Leopold von Gerlachs, nach seinen Aufzeichnungen (2 vols., Berlin, 1891–2), vol. 1, p. 99. See also Berdahl, Politics of the Prussian Nobility, pp. 324–5.
59. Obenaus, Anfänge, pp. 556–63; Friedrich Keinemann, Preussen auf dem Wege zur Revolution: Die Provinziallandtags-und Verfassungspolitik Friedrich Wilhelms IV. Von der Thronbesteigung bis zum Erlass des Patents vom 3. Februar 1847. Ein Beitrag zur Vorgeschichte der Revolution von 1848 (Hamm, 1975), pp. 45–51; Barclay, Friedrich Wilhelm IV, p. 121; Berdahl, Politics of the Prussian Nobility, pp. 325–6.
60. Wehler, Deutsche Gesellschaftsgeschichte, vol. 2, p. 615. On the politics of railway-building, see Brose, Technological Change in Prussia, chap. 7.
61. Simms, Struggle for Mastery, pp. 169–70.
62. Eduard Bleich (ed.), Der erste vereinigte Landtag in Berlin 1847 (4 vols., Berlin, 1847, repr. Vaduz-Liechtenstein, 1977), vol. 1, pp. 3–10.
63. Berdahl, Politics of the Prussian Nobility, p. 336.
64. For the text of the speech, see Bleich (ed.), Der erste vereinigte Landtag, vol. 1, pp. 22, 25–6.
65. Obenaus, Anfänge, pp. 704–5; Ernst Rudolf Huber, Deutsche Verfassungsgeschichte seit 1789 (7 vols., Stuttgart, 1957–82), vol. 2, Der Kampf um Einheit und Freiheit. 1830 bis 1850, p. 494.
66. On the use of the term ‘conservative’ in the 1840s, see Rudolf Vierhaus, ‘Konservatismus’, in Otto Brunner, Werner Conze, Reinhard Koselleck (eds.), Geschichtliche Grundbegriffe. Historisches Lexikon zu politisch-sozialer Sprache in Deutschland (Stuttgart, 1972), pp. 531–65, esp. pp. 540–51; Alfred von Martin, ‘Weltanschauliche Motive im altkonservativen Denken’, in Gerd-Klaus Kaltenbrunner, Rekonstruktion des Konservatismus (Freiburg, 1972), pp. 139–80.
67. Gerlach, Denkwürdigkeiten, vol. 1, p. 118.
68. Diary entries of 22 June 1836, 21 January 1836, 17 June 1837, 14 November 1839, 26 December 1841, Karl Varnhagen von Ense, Aus dem Nachlass Varnhagen’s von Ense. Tagebücher von K. A. Varnhagen von Ense (14 vols., Leipzig, 1861–70), vol. 1 (1861), pp. 5, 34–5, 151–3, 384–5.
69. Diary entry of 27 August 1837, in ibid., pp. 58–9.
70. Freytag, Aberglauben, pp. 151–2.
71. Friedrich Engels to Wilhelm Graeber, 13 November 1839, in Marx and Engels Collected Works (50 vols., London, 1975–2004), vol. 2, pp. 476–81, here p. 481.
72. Engels discusses this practice in Engels to Graeber, 29 October 1839, in ibid., p. 476.
73. Brophy, Joining the Political Nation; id., ‘Violence between Civilians and State Authorities in the Prussian Rhineland, 1830–1848’, German History, 22 (2004), pp. 1–35.
74. Alf Lüdtke, Police and State in Prussia 1815–1850, trans. Pete Burgess (Cambridge, 1989), pp. 72, 73.
75. Evans,
